Background: The clavicle is one of the most commonly fractured bones in the body. Interns are often delegated to treat these cases in an emergency department. This audit looks at the adherence to a tertiary hospital’s clavicle fracture protocol and reviews the literature to provide suggestions on updates based on current evidence. Methods: A retrospective case note and radiograph audit was undertaken to assess adherence to current protocols for the calendar years 2012 and 2013. A literature search was performed to find the most up to date evidence for future clavicle fracture management. Results: There were 131 clavicle fractures reviewed. An AP x-ray was taken in 120/122 cases (98.3%). The Orthopaedic registrar was notified for 6/7 (86%) cases with respiratory, neurovascular or skin compromise. Up to 83/131 (63%) patients were provided with a broad arm sling. Mean initial follow up was at ten days (3-20 days) and 39/95 (41%) followed x-ray protocol at this review. Appropriate rehabilitation advice was documented in 12/82 (14.6%) cases and the mean duration until discharge was 52.25 days. Conclusion: Despite the high frequency of clavicle fractures there are still significant errors that can be, and are being, made in their management. It is important for all medical students and junior doctors to become familiar with this Orthopaedic condition, as it is a common presentation that is often initially managed by junior medical staff.
Introduction
Clavicle fractures are one of the most common fractures in the adult with an annual incidence of 29-64 per 100,000 people, per year. [1] Fractured clavicles account for up to 5% of all fractures and up to 44% of fractures to the shoulder girdle. [1,2]
Clavicle fractures are commonly managed by junior staff, and the current adult fracture protocol at our institution guides this management (Figure 1). The protocol was issued in July 2006 and reviewed in 2009. However, this protocol remains based on evidence the most recent of which was published in 1997. [3–8] There has been an influx of published literature on clavicle fractures over the last decade providing more recommendations for which an updated protocol can be based, including two well-designed multi-centre randomised controlled trials. [1,9,10,11,12,13] These articles demonstrate the shift from conservative management to surgical management for displaced and comminuted fractures of the adult clavicle.
This retrospective case note and radiograph audit firstly assesses the adherence of management practices at a tertiary hospital to the current institutional protocol for the calendar year of 2012 and 2013. Secondly, it discusses the standards of best practice in the current literature, with the view to providing recommendations for alterations to hospital protocol and management practice.
Methods
Process
In preparing for this audit a literature review was conducted to identify the gold standard and best practice guidelines for the investigation, management, and rehabilitation of clavicle fractures. Additionally, the hospital intranet was searched for any further documents including protocols, information sheets, and patient handouts. Consultation with the physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) departments was undertaken to assess any current gold standards, best practice or unwritten guidelines.
The case notes and radiographs of patients identified with a clavicle fracture were reviewed and adherence to the current protocol was assessed. Specifically, adherence to the following aspects of the protocol was scrutinised (Figure 1).
- All patients are to receive an anterior to posterior (AP) x-ray
- The orthopaedic registrar must be notified if there is respiratory, neurovascular or overlying skin compromise
- All patients are to receive a broad arm sling for acute management
- Outpatient follow up is to be booked for two weeks post injury
- Only postoperative patients are to have an x-ray on arrival (XROA) at the two week follow up
- All patients are to begin pendulum exercises immediately, range of motion (ROM) from two weeks, full active ROM (AROM) from 6 weeks or after clinically healed
- Return to sport (RTS) should be delayed for at least 4-6 months.
Figure 1. The current adult clavicle fracture protocol for which adherence was audited.
Ethical approval
This audit was reviewed and approved by the local clinical human research ethics committee. No identifiable patient data was collected and all records were viewed on site in the medical records department. A retrospective case note and electronic record audit was performed for the calendar year of 2013. As insufficient data was available to make reliable conclusions an additional calendar year, 2012, was included.
Patient recruitment
With the assistance of the orthopaedic department and the support of the project manager, all patients with clavicle fractures who presented to the emergency department (ED) or who were admitted to the wards in the calendar years 2012-13 were included. The hospital coding system, Inpatient Separations Information System (ISIS), was searched using the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, version ten, (ICD10) codes for all clavicle fracture admissions, S4200-3 inclusive. In addition the ED database for the two calendar years was hand-searched for provisional diagnoses relevant to clavicle fractures. This limited selection bias caused by spelling errors if searched electronically. These searches provided a list of 141 patient unit record numbers (URN) that were provided to medical records for retrieval.
Data retrieval
All case notes were reviewed immediately once available to minimise loss to the removal of records. Missing records were re-requested and viewed on multiple occasions until all records had been accounted for. Despite multiple searches two case notes were unable to be retrieved, being listed on the system as in stock but unable to be located by staff. For these two cases the electronic records were viewed to minimise selection bias and to ensure all patients were analysed.
Each patient file was meticulously studied and cross-referenced against the electronic discharge summaries and encounters, in addition to radiological analysis using a picture archiving and communication system.
Data analysis
Data was collected and stored in a Microsoft Excel (Copyright Microsoft Corporation 2010) spread sheet. Simple descriptive statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 22 (Copyright IBM Corporation and other(s) 1989, 2013).
Standards for adherence
In consultation with the orthopaedic department it was determined that 90% compliance with the current protocol would be deemed acceptable. Adherence was analysed collectively for the entire cohort but also separately for the two calendar years, surgical versus non-surgical patients, and then again against current literature recommendations. Only the collective data will be presented.
Results
Recruitment and demographics
The database searches resulted in the retrieval of 141 patient URNs. Of these 131 were new clavicle fractures. There were 99 males and 42 females of which 47 fractures were on the right and 84 on the left (Table 1). The dominant arm was affected in 17 cases, non-dominant in 34, and not documented in 80 cases. There were three medial (2.3%), 93 central (70.1%) (Figure 2), 34 lateral (25.9%), and one both middle and lateral (other 0.8%). This is almost identical to the fracture pattern distribution reported by Robinson. [11] Associated injuries were documented in 34/131 (26%) cases. This is slightly less than the 36% reported by Nowak, Mallmin & Larsson however there are differences between the skin abrasions that were included in each study. [14]
Radiological adherence
An AP radiograph was taken for 120/122 (98.3%) patients (nine outside films). The two patients that did not have an x-ray both re-presented and subsequently had an x-ray identifying a clavicle fracture and were therefore included in this audit. Only 97/122 (79.5%) had two views taken of their clavicle fracture on presentation despite current literature and orthopaedic dogma dictating that every fracture should be viewed from two angles and include two joints. [15,16]
At the two week review 39/95 (41%) cases followed protocol regarding XROA. The conservative group were not required to have an x-ray at two weeks with adherence in 30/85 (35.3%), however, 13 of these had x-rays at subsequent appointments. For the conservative cases that did have x-rays at their first outpatient department (OPD) appointment 3/55 (5.5%) resulted in a change of management toward surgery. Nine out of ten (90%) surgical patients had an x-ray to check the position of the metalwork at two weeks as required.
Figure 2. The typical middle third clavicle fracture that presents a management dilemma.
Broad arm sling
Compliance with the protocol regarding the broad arm sling application is summarised in Figure 3. Of note 6/32 (18.8%) patients who were provided with a collar and cuff for acute management showed progressive displacement and five of these required surgical fixation. If the benefit of the doubt is given and all those who were documented as given a ‘sling’ are combined with the BAS then 83/131 (63.3%) patients were correctly treated.
Figure 3. Illustrating the adherence of staff to provide a broad arm sling as first line management. BAS = Broad Arm Sling, C+C = Collar and Cuff, #HOH = Fractured Head of Humerus, OPD = Outpatient Department.
Registrar notification
The orthopaedic registrar was notified 46 times for the 131 cases analysed (35%), although according to the protocol they are only required to be notified if there is respiratory, neurovascular, or skin compromise. In this case they were notified on six out of seven occasions (86%). However, if they were also required to be notified for displaced fractures >20mm and shortened >15mm in addition to the associated injuries in the protocol, then they were notified in 27/51 (53%) cases. Cases of which the orthopaedic registrar was not informed of include one floating shoulder, three ACJ separations, one head of humerus (HOH) fracture, and one patient with ipsilateral rib fractures 1-5.
Prior to the outpatient follow up six patients re-presented to ED, two patients on multiple occasions. Of these two were treated with a collar and cuff and one with a sling.
Complications or associated injuries were present in 18/131 cases (13.7%), five with tented/compromised skin, six ACJ separations, four floating shoulders, one ipsilateral HOH fracture, one ulnar nerve paraesthesia, and one patient with multiple ipsilateral rib fractures. Of these six underwent surgical fixation.
There were 14 surgeries (11 middle third, three lateral) and eleven patients received private orthopaedic management (Table 2).
Rehabilitation
There were 82 patients followed up in the orthopaedic OPD clinic. Twelve of these (14.6%) had sufficient documentation to suggest the patient had been provided with appropriate rehabilitation advice. These included 4/9 (44%) surgical cases and 8/73 (11%) conservative cases. This left a large cohort of patients that had been given some or no advice on what rehabilitation they could perform. Six patients attended their six-week review having been immobilised in their sling for the entire duration leading to stiff painful shoulders. In eight case notes there is mention of seeking physiotherapy treatment of which two cases were treated by the hospitals physiotherapy department. There are no current physiotherapy handouts or protocols and the occupational therapy department has no involvement in the management or rehabilitation of clavicle fractures.
Discussion
Clavicle fractures are a common presentation to any emergency department, representing 5% of all fractures, and are often managed by junior staff. This audit demonstrates that there is still some mismanagement and that further education of junior staff is required.
The gold standard for initial radiological review of clavicle fractures remains to be elucidated but current evidence agrees on the standard AP radiograph plus a second radiograph tilted on an angle. [15,16,17] Only 97/131 (74%) patients received two different views of their clavicle fracture on presentation. The angle of the second view ranged from 5-30 degrees AP cephalic tilt, with each five-degree increment in between. The optimal angle and direction of this second radiograph varies among authors with some recommending a posterior to anterior (PA) 15-degree cephalic tilt, while others recommend an AP 15-degree caudal tilt. [15,16,17] This makes it difficult to compare fracture patterns between clavicles when determining clinical management and also for future retrospective analysis. It may be preferable to have two views from the same side to limit the manoeuvring of patients and reduce the time demand on the radiological department. A second AP view with 20 degrees cephalic tilt has been recommended and would be the technically easiest view with minimal changes to current practices. [9]
Conservative treatment remains the management of choice for isolated non-displaced clavicle fractures. [12,18] The broad arm sling is recommended for clavicle fractures, [19] as the collar and cuff allows traction on the arm that risks further displacement of fracture segments. [20,21] The figure-of-eight slings have not been shown to be superior to the broad arm sling and are more uncomfortable and difficult to use. [22] Our results demonstrate that the collar and cuff is still being provided in many cases over the preferred broad arm sling. This may be due to confusion with the fractured neck of humerus that requires distracting forces for fracture alignment. One fifth of patients provided with collar and cuffs demonstrated significant progression of fracture displacement with many of these requiring surgical fixations.
While most isolated non-displaced fractures of the clavicle are managed conservatively, it is important to know when to refer to the orthopaedic department for review. Clear operative indications include compromise to the skin, nerves, vasculature, and grossly displaced/comminuted fractures. [23] Some authors also advocate for the primary fixation of clavicle fractures with multi-trauma, ipsilateral shoulder injuries, acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) involvement, high velocity mechanisms, or young active individuals. [24,25] For these patients, the surgeon’s preference continues to dictate treatment. [26] As such it is difficult to create a protocol to mandate management and the protocol is rather a guide to prompt management considerations.
Furthermore, over the past ten years there has been a growing body of literature increasing the relative and absolute surgical indications for clavicle fractures [13,23,24,27] Newer studies have highlighted that previously used outcomes may not be the best end points for assessing management. Previously, radiological union was the sole primary outcome for assessment of fracture management. [18,28] Recent studies focussing on patient-centred outcomes such as pain and functional capacity however have highlighted a disparity between radiological union and satisfactory objective and subjective patient-centred outcomes. [9-14] Furthermore, older studies have included children in outcome assessments, despite the greater regenerative capacity of this younger age group prior to fusion of the medial growth plate, leading to an over estimation of adult clavicle fracture recovery in these older studies. [20]
Recent studies have demonstrated sequelae including pain and neurological deficits occurring in up to 46% of clavicle fractures. [29] These sequelae are more likely in non- or mal-union of the fracture. Non-union rates for adult patients are as high as 15% and symptomatic mal-union up to 20-25%. [13] Risk factors for non-union include:
- Smoking (33.3%)
- Increasing Age and Female gender (often less symptomatic in this population)
- Shortening >20 mm (increasing shortening increases non-union/mal-union)
- Displacement >15 mm (27%)
- Comminuted fractures (21.3%). [24,30]
The non-union rate for surgically treated patients’ is around 1-2%. [9,10,13] The number needed to treat (NNT) if all displaced clavicle fractures were operated on to prevent one symptomatic non-union would be 7.5, this number is reduced to 4.6 if symptomatic mal-unions are included. [13,24] The NNT drops to 1.7 if only those with multiple risk factors for non-union were surgically fixed. [24] Surgical risks must be considered however, including infection, implant irritation, neurological damage, and even death. [9,10,31] For widely displaced mid third clavicle fracture surgical plate fixation has been shown to be superior to conservative management. [9,10]
In this audit, the orthopaedic registrar was notified for most cases where there was neurovascular, respiratory, or skin compromise. However, in the current protocol there is mention of displacement and shortening with a decision to be made on whether the fracture is stable or unstable and whether the patient receives surgical or conservative management. If the orthopaedic registrar was required to be notified to make this decision then they were only notified in half the cases. It may be seen as an increased demand on the ED if they had patients waiting in beds for an orthopaedic review if it was considered unnecessary.
Murray and colleagues have shown that shortening and displacement are risk factors for non-union and it has been shown that delaying surgery results in worse functional outcomes. [24,32,33] Hence, it would be prudent to have an orthopaedic review in ED to make the clinical decision regarding management immediately. While this would increase the demand on orthopaedic staff to review x-rays and or patients from ED it also has the potential to decrease outpatient demand. By providing patients with the correct treatment immediately, early (< 2 weeks) outpatient follow up can be avoided and the six re-presentations to ED potentially avoided. Additionally if more accurate predictions are made for probable outcomes then work loads can be reduced by minimising the patients that are treated for extended periods or who fail conservative treatment and undergo additional surgical fixation.
There was a large variation in time to outpatient follow-up after ED discharge. This potentially reflects the uncertainty of the ED staff in their management of the patient. Rather than discharging the patient with appropriate sling, pain medication, and early rehabilitation advice they are requesting very early orthopaedic outpatient follow up essentially doubling the patient’s visits.
Radiological evaluation at the two-week review was over-utilised with correct use in less than half of the patients. This again could reflect uncertainty among medical staff about management. Of the 55 conservative patients undergoing multiple x-ray evaluations, a change in management was only initiated in three cases. Progressive displacement of the fracture ends has been recognised in one third of cases over a 5-year period by Plocher et al. who recommends serial x-rays for the first 3 weeks. [25] However, repeated x-rays are not useful unless the information is going to be used to guide clinical decision-making. Again, identifying patients at risk of progressive displacement (such as high velocity injuries) or those on the cusp of surgical intervention and providing early decision-making could remove the need to wait and watch.
Advice on rehabilitation was poorly documented and may reflect that it was not provided adequately in many cases. Documentation of education provided is an important part of keeping legal records and only one-fifth of patients had documented evidence that rehabilitation advice was provided. It was evident that no advice had been given for the six patients that returned to the six-week review having remained immobilised in the sling. Rehabilitation timeframes are largely based on expert opinion and are generally consistent with the current practices. [9,20,34] There has been limited research into the optimal timeframe to return to sport, however one study followed 30 patients after plate fixation and 20 had returned to sport after twelve weeks. [35] Three conservative patients re-fractured within 3-5 months in our audit population suggesting that returning to full contact sport should be delayed greater than six months.
The reliability of the results provided is limited by the dependence on multiple steps in accurately identifying and documenting clavicle fractures. These factors include:
- Staff in ED diagnosing the clavicle fractures and documenting accordingly
- Administration clerk in ED transcribing appropriate provisional diagnoses
- Hospital coding officers applying the correct ICD10 codes
- Human error is possible in misidentifying data in the notes
- Human error in transcribing data into SPSS
- Especially dependent on the accuracy of the doctor’s written case notes and discharge summaries for the above steps and also audit data collection.
Every effort was taken to ensure that the data collected was accurate including cross-referencing across multiple platforms. In stating this, however, the data collection for the variables dependent on documentation can only be as accurate as the written information and may not be a true representation of actual events. This would impact most significantly on the reporting of the sling provided, orthopaedic registrar notification, and rehabilitation advice given.
The methods used do not capture the cases that were directly referred to the outpatient department without first presenting to ED or as an inpatient. However, the majority of this audit involved looking at the initial management, as per the protocol, and therefore these cases were not required.
Conclusion
Clavicle fractures are a common presentation to any emergency department and are often managed by junior staff. This audit demonstrates that there is still some mismanagement, particularly in radiological assessment, sling prescription, and knowledge of protocol for registrar notification, outpatient follow-up and rehabilitation. Furthermore, new evidence indicates that the current protocol at this institution requires updating to clarify the requirements for referral and allow earlier interventions or rehabilitation. In summary, recommended radiological views are a standard AP and a second AP with 20 degrees cephalic tilt. Isolated non-displaced fractures of the clavicle are almost always managed conservatively, however, it is important to know when to refer to the orthopaedic department for review. This is always necessary if there are associated injuries or pending complications. It is also recommended that all displaced or comminuted fractures be referred for an orthopaedic opinion. The broad arm sling is the immobilisation technique of choice and not the collar and cuff for clavicle fractures because the collar and cuff allows distracting forces that risks further displacement of the fracture segments. Early rehabilitation is required to prevent painful stiff shoulders.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Katharina Denk, orthopaedic research assistant for her work in identifying patients records for inclusion in this audit.
Conflict of Interest
None declared
Correspondence
D M George: daniel.george@health.sa.gov.au
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